What is a 4-stroke engine? Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Need [pdf]

What is a 4-stroke engine?

A 4-stroke engine is an Internal combustion engine, where four successive strokes (i.e. Suction-Compression-Power-Exhaust) completes in two revolutions of the crankshaft. In recent days the majority of automobile runs on a four-stroke cycle.

Let us first understand some basic terms associated with a 4-stroke engine.

Top dead center (TDC)

It is the extreme position of the piston at the head end of the cylinder. At TDC the crank angle is 0*

Bottom dead center (BDC)

The extreme position of the piston at the crank end side. At BDC, the crank angle is a 180*

Cylinder bore

It is the internal diameter of the cylinder.

Stroke

It is the distance through which the piston moves in the cylinder during 1 stroke.

Parts of 4-Stroke engine’s

A Four-stroke engine consist of the following parts:

• Cylinder: It is the heart of the engine. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder.
• Cylinder head: It is the top cover of the cylinder, towards TDC, which is called the cylinder head.
• Piston: It is the reciprocating member of the engine. It reciprocates in the cylinder.
• Piston rings: Two or three piston rings are provided on the piston. It seals the gap between the cylinder liner and piston.
• Crank: It is a rotating member. It makes a circular motion inside the crankcase.
• Crankcase: It is the housing of crank and other engine parts. It is also used as the sump of lubricating oil.
• Connecting rod: It is used to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion of the crankshaft.
• Crankshaft: It is the rotating member, which connects the crank.
• Cooling fins or Water jackets: It is used for cooling purposes.
• Cam and Camshaft: It is used to allow the opening and closing of the Inlet and Exhaust valve and also operate the fuel injection pump in the Diesel engine.
• Inlet valve: This valve controls the admission of charge or air inside the engine cylinder.
• Exhaust valve: This valve controls the removal of burnt gas after combustion.
• Intake manifold: This is a passage that carries the charge or fresh air.
• Exhaust manifold: This a passage through which the exhaust gas goes out of the engine cylinder.
• Spark plug: It is used in a Petrol engine or SI engine to ignite the fuel.
• Fuel injector: It is used in a Diesel engine or CI engine to spray the fuel inside the engine cylinder.
• Carburetor: It is used in a Petrol engine to mix the air and fuel properly.
• Flywheel: It is made of cast iron and mounted on a crankshaft. It stores energy in the form of inertia.

Classification of 4-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine is generally classified in to 2 types:

1. Four-stroke petrol engine
2. Four-stroke diesel engine

Let us understand each one in detail.

Four-stroke Petrol engine

This type of engine is based on the Otto cycle. Let us have a look at individual parts of a 4-stroke petrol engine.

Construction of Four-stroke Petrol engine

A four-stroke petrol engine consists of the following:

1. A cylinder
2. Cylinder head attached with spark plug
3. Piston attached with piston ring
4. Connecting rod
5. Crank
6. Crankshaft
7. Valves

In four-stroke engines, Valves are used instead of Ports. Following are the two valves used:

1. Suction valve
2. Exhaust valve

And these valves are operated by means of Camshaft. It is rotated at half the speed of a crankshaft.

Working principle of the Four-stroke petrol engine

The travel of the piston from one dead center to another is called piston stroke and a four-stroke cycle consists of four strokes which are as follows :

1. Suction Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power or Expansion Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke

• Suction stroke

In this stroke the suction valve opens while the exhaust valves remain in close condition. The piston moves from the top dead center to the bottom dead center and the charge (Air+Fuel) enters the engine cylinder due to the partial vacuum developed inside the cylinder. When the piston reaches the BDC, the inlet valve closes and the flywheel makes a half revolution.

• Compression Stroke

In this stroke, Piston moves from BDC to TDC. The air inside the cylinder is compressed and heated. In this stroke both the valves are in closed condition. The mixture, which was sucked into the cylinder during the suction stroke, is compressed into the combustion chamber. The heat produced during the compression stroke vaporizes the mixture. As the piston approaches the top dead center, the compression stroke completes, and then the spark plug gives the spark.

• Power Stroke or Expansion stroke

Again both the inlet and exhaust valves are closed in this stroke. The compressed charge is ignited by the high intensity of the spark and expands adiabatically. Therefore, it pushes the piston downward i.e. towards BDC to complete the stroke.

• Exhaust Stroke

During the exhaust stroke, the inlet valve is in a closed condition and the exhaust valve is opened. The piston rises up from BDC to TDC. The stroke is completed when the piston reaches the Top Dead Center. In the exhaust stroke in one situation both the valves are in an open condition for some seconds so that fresh charge enters the engine cylinder and pushes the burnt gases out of the cylinder. This process is called Scavenging.

Four-stroke Petrol engine diagram

Valve-timing diagram for four-stroke Petrol engine

Theoretical valve-timing:

• The Inlet valve opens when the piston is at TDC
• The Inlet valve closes when the piston reaches BDC
• Spark produces when the piston reaches TDC
• The exhaust valve opens when the piston is at BDC
• Exhaust valve close when the piston is at TDC

Actual valve-timing:

• The Inlet valve opens about 10°-20° before TDC
• Inlet valve close 30°-40° after BDC to take advantage of rapidly moving gas
• The spark occurs 20°-35° before TDC
• The exhaust valve opens about 30°-50° before BDC
• Exhaust valve close about 10°-15° after TDC

Applications of Four-stroke Petrol engine:

Following are the Applications of Four-stroke Petrol engine:

1. Automobiles
2. Motorcycles
3. Cars
4. Buses
5. Trucks
6. Airplanes
7. Small pumping sets
8. Mobile electric generator

Four-stroke Diesel engine:

Construction:

A four-stroke Diesel engine consists of the following:

1. A fuel injector
2. Fuel pump
3. Cylinder
4. Cylinder head
5. Inlet and exhaust valves
6. Piston
7. Piston ring
8. Connecting rod
9. Camshaft
10. Crankshaft
11. Cam

Working principle of Four-stroke Diesel engine:

The cycles of the Four-stroke diesel engine are the same as that of Petrol engine.

1. Suction Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power or Expansion Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke

• Suction Stroke:

In a suction stroke, the inlet valve is in the opened condition and the exhaust valve remains closed. The atmospheric air is drawn into the cylinder as the piston moves from TDC to the BDC due to the partial vacuum air sucked inside the cylinder.

• Compression Stroke:

In this stroke, Piston moves from BDC to TDC. As a result, the air inside the cylinder is compressed and heated. In this stroke both the valves are in closed condition. The temperature of air is around 800°C. At the end of the compression stroke, the fuel injector injects the fuel at high pressure to the compressed hot air, thus the ignition takes place inside the cylinder.

• Power or Expansion Stroke:

During this stroke, both the valves are in closed condition. The piston at the TDC is pushed downward by the expansion of burned gas. Therefore a Power stroke is produced.

• Exhaust stroke:

In this stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is in the closed condition. The piston travels from BDC to TDC and pushes the burned gas out of the cylinder. And here also the scavenging process is used to remove the burnt gas completely.

Valve-timing diagram for four-stroke Diesel engine:

Actual valve-timing diagram:

• Inlet valve open at 10°-30° before TDC
• The Inlet valve closes at 20°-50° after BDC
• The exhaust valve opens approximately 40° before BDC
• Exhaust valve close 15° after TDC
• Fuel injection starts 5°-15° before TDC
• Fuel injection stops 15°-25° after TDC

Applications of Four-stroke Diesel engine:

The following are the Applications of Four-stroke Diesel engine:

1. Small pumping sets
2. In the automobile industry
3. Air compressor
4. Drilling jigs
5. Boats and Ships
6. Power saw
7. Bulldozers
8. Tanks
9. Diesel-electric locomotives

Difference between 2-Stroke engine & 4-Stroke engine

Difference between Petrol Engine (SI) and Diesel Engine (CI)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Four-Stroke engine

Advantages of 4-Stroke engine are as follows:

1. More torque
2. More fuel economy than a 2-stroke engine
3. Less consumption of lubrication oil
4. Less pollution because of proper burning of fuel
5. More durability
6. Well managed cooling system for longer engine life
7. Less noisy
8. Scavenging happens really well, therefore Thermal efficiency and HP of the engine is high

Disadvantages of 4-Stroke engine are as follows:

1. There are many moving parts and hence there is more friction. Due to this, the engine has less mechanical efficiency.
2. The design is complicated.
3. The weight of the engine is more because of heavier flywheel construction.
4. Due to more parts, the maintenance is required quite often.

Fuel supply system in Four-stroke engine

The petrol engine fuel supply system consists of the following:

• Fuel feed system

1. Gravity system
2. Vacuum system
3. Pressure system
4. Pump system
5. Fuel injection system

• Fuel tank
• Fuel lines
• Fuel filter
• Fuel pump
• Carburetor

At first, an electrical petrol pump or mechanical petrol pump sucks the fuel from the fuel tank via a fuel filter as shown in figure. Then the fuel through the fuel lines goes to the carburetor where air and fuel is mixed with proper ratio which then enters into the engine cylinder for combustion.

To know more, checkout the Fuel supply system in petrol engines

Parts of Diesel Engine Fuel Supply System

Diesel engines fuel supply system consists of the following:

1. A Diesel tank
2. A feed pump
3. A filter
4. An injection pump
5. An injector
6. Connecting lines

Types of Fuel Injection System

There are two types of the fuel injection system in a Diesel engine which are as follows:

1.  Air injection system or Indirect injection
2. Solid injection system or Direct injection

Solid injection system is further classified in to the following two types:

1. Common rail fuel injection system
2. Individual pump fuel injection system.

The lubrication system in Four-stroke engine

The supply of lubricating oil between two moving parts of the vehicle is called lubrication.

Why we need a lubrication system?

The primary objectives of lubrication are as follows:

1. To reduce friction between moving parts so that power loss is minimum
2. To reduce wearing out of moving parts
3. To provide a cooling effect
4. To provide the cleaning action

Components of 4-stroke engine lubrication system

Following are the components of a 4-stroke engine lubrication system:

1. Oil pump
2. Oil cooler
3. Oil strainer
4. Oil filter
5. Oil pressure gauge
6. Crankcase dilution

Parts to be lubricated in an Engine

The following parts in the engine requires lubrication:

1. Crankshaft bearings
2. Crankpins
3. The big end of connecting rod bearing
4. The small end of the connecting rod bearing
5. Bushes of gudgeon pin or Wrist pin
6. The inner wall of the cylinder
7. Valve operating mechanism
8. Timing gears
9. Camshaft bearing

More on the Lubrication System.

The cooling system in the Four-Stroke engine

All the heat produced by the combustion of fuel is not entirely converted into power at the crankshaft. Only about 20 percent of the heat is used as power at the crankshaft. And 35 percent of the heat is transferred to the cylinder wall which cause pre-ignition of the charge and also lubricant is burned away due to the heat. Therefore the engine may seize. Keeping above factor in mind we need to install a proper cooling system. In a Four-stroke engine their are two types cooling method.

1. Cooling by air
2. Cooling by water

FAQ’s

RESOURCES

• Function of Diesel Fuel Injection
• Injection pump
• Wikipedia