Introduction

Before discussing about the types of suspension system it is essential to first know what is a suspension. Suspension is an important part of any vehicle. It absorbs shocks from the road and provides stability, comfort and safety to the driver and passengers. There are various types of suspension systems available. Each has its unique features, advantages and disadvantages. Familiarizing oneself with the different types of suspension systems can help in selecting the appropriate one for a vehicle. This will ensure the best performance and driving experience.

Let us now understand the types of Suspension Systems in more detail.

Types Of Suspensions

Depending upon various factors, the suspension system is divided into the following categories:

• Dependent & Independent Suspension
• Semi-independent Suspension
• Air Suspension
• Active Suspension

Let’s start with Dependent & Independent Suspensions.

Dependent & Independent Suspension

Dependent suspension is also known as solid axle suspension. It is a type of suspension system where the wheels on both side of an axle are connected to a rigid beam. It is also connected to the body of the vehicle. When one wheel hits a bump on the road, the entire axle moves. This causes the other wheel to get affected as well. Dependent suspension is commonly used in heavy-duty trucks, off-road vehicles, and older cars. It is highly durable and simple.

This makes it ideal for rough and rugged terrains. Dependent suspension systems generally offer a rough ride. The independent suspension systems does not lack flexibility. This can result in poor handling on uneven roads. Independent suspension is commonly used in most modern cars such as the Toyota Camry, Honda Civic, BMW 3-Series, and Porsche 911, etc.

Independent suspension offers improved ride quality, better handling, and greater stability on uneven roads. However, they tend to be more complex and expensive to manufacture, maintain and repair when compared to dependent suspension systems. Independent suspension allows each wheel to react independently to the road conditions. independent suspension provides a more comfortable and stable driving experience than dependent suspension. However, independent suspension systems are generally more complex. They are  expensive to manufacture, maintain, and repair compared to dependent suspension systems.

Semi-independent Suspension

Semi-independent suspension combines elements of both dependent and independent suspension. In a semi-independent suspension system, each wheel is attached to a suspension unit that is connected to the vehicle’s body and shares a common axis. This allows each wheel to move up and down independently.

Torsion Beam Suspension

One common type of semi-independent suspension is the torsion beam suspension. This is often found in compact cars.

Solid Angle Suspension

It is similar in design to a solid axle suspension, but with a twist beam connecting the wheels. The twist beam helps absorb shocks from the road.

Trailing Arm Suspension

The other common type of semi-independent suspension is the trailing arm suspension. This is typically used in larger vehicles such as SUVs and trucks.

Air Suspension

Air suspension is a type of suspension system that uses air springs. It does not uses traditional coil or leaf spring arrangement. The air springs are made of tough rubber and are filled with compressed air. The compressed air provides support and cushioning to the vehicle. The air pressure can be adjusted to different levels to suit different driving conditions. Air suspension systems can be found on a wide range of vehicles. In many cases, they are used to improve ride quality. They provide a more comfortable and stable ride, especially over uneven surfaces. Air suspension can also help to level a vehicle when carrying heavy loads or towing a trailer.

One of the key benefits of air suspension is that it is adjustable. The air pressure can be varied to suit driving conditions. It allows the vehicle to be lowered for better handling and aerodynamics at high speeds. Also it allows to be raised for better ground clearance and comfort on rough terrain. However, air suspension systems are generally more complex. They are quiet expensive to manufacture, maintain, and repair when compared to traditional suspension systems.

Active Suspension

Active suspension is a type of suspension system that uses electronic sensors and actuators to adjust the suspension in real-time. This allows the suspension to adapt to changes in the environment, vehicle speed, and driving conditions to provide the best possible ride experience, handling, and stability. Active suspension is typically found in high-end sports cars and luxury vehicles. It is designed to provide a smoother and comfortable ride. It also improves handling and performance. The system continuously monitors various parameters to make changes as required.

Two main types of Active Suspension System

1. Hydraulic
2. Electromagnetic

Hydraulic systems use a hydraulic pump to adjust the suspension. Electromagnetic systems use electromagnetic coils to adjust the suspension. One of the main benefits of active suspension is its ability to adapt to different driving conditions and provide a more comfortable and stable ride.

The Ferrari 458 Italia uses a hydraulic active suspension system that adjusts the damping force of the suspension in real-time which improves the traction. The Mercedes-Benz S-Class uses an electromagnetic active suspension system that allows the car to provide a smooth and comfortable ride, even on rough roads. The Audi RS7 uses an electromechanical active suspension system that adjusts the suspension in real time based on data from a variety of sensors. This allows the car to provide exceptional handling and a comfortable ride, even at high speeds.

The BMW 7 Series uses an adaptive air suspension system that can adjust the ride height and stiffness of the suspension in real-time. This allows the car to provide a comfortable and stable ride, while also improving handling and performance. The Porsche Panamera uses an adaptive air suspension system that can adjust the suspension in real-time based on driving conditions. This allows the car to provide exceptional handling and a smooth ride, while also improving performance and traction.

Parameters to select appropriate Suspension System

Selecting the appropriate suspension system is crucial to ensure that a vehicle operates optimally, offering a comfortable and secure ride. To make an informed decision, you should consider these essential factors:

Vehicle Type & Use

It is critical to ratio down the type of vehicle and the intended use when selecting a suspension system. A suspension system suitable for a compact car may not be compatible with a heavy-duty truck. Same goes for a vehicle primarily driven on paved roads.

Cost

Suspension systems come in different price ranges. The cost will depend on the type, manufacturer, and other factors. It’s vital to consider the overall cost of the suspension system, installation, and maintenance or repair costs that may occur in the future.

Performance

A suspension system’s performance can influence the vehicle’s handling, stability, and ride quality. It’s necessary to consider the system’s ability to absorb shocks and bumps during a ride.

Durability

The durability of a suspension system is very important because it affects the vehicle’s lifespan and the frequency of repairs. The quality of materials for assembly and design can also impact the suspension system’s durability.

Ease of Maintenance

Another important factor to consider is the ease of maintenance of the suspension system. Suspension systems with easily accessible components are generally less expensive and easier to maintain and repair. While those with hard-to-reach or specialized parts are not easy to maintain.

Personal Preferences

Stiffness, adjustability, etc are some of the personal preferences that can impact the selection of a suspension system. Some individuals may prefer a stiffer suspension system for better handling, while others may prefer a smoother ride.

Components of Car Suspension

The following are the components of a car suspension:

• Shock Absorbers
• Springs
• Car Frame
• Steering Link

Let us start understanding the differing components of a suspension system with Shock Absorbers.

Shock Absorbers

Shock absorbers are an essential part of a vehicle’s suspension system. They are made to dampen the vehicle’s vibrations. They reduce the effects due to the road’s irregularities. The main function of a shock absorber is to control the movement of the spring. The spring compresses and hence oscillations are zeroed down. Shock absorbers convert kinetic energy into heat energy.

They reduce the force and motion of the spring. When the vehicle hits a bump or goes over a rough road surface, the shock absorber compresses. Due to compression, it absorbs the energy from the movement. As the vehicle moves up and down, the shock absorber extends and compresses repeatedly, dissipating the energy and ensuring that the vehicle remains stable.

Springs

Springs are a critical component of a vehicle’s suspension system. They are designed to absorb the shocks and vibrations from the road surface, providing a smoother and more comfortable ride. The main function of springs is to support the weight of the vehicle and keep the tires in contact with the road.

Two main Types of Springs

• Coil Springs
• Leaf Springs

Coil springs are made of a coiled piece of metal, while leaf springs consist of several layers of flat steel bars bolted together. Both types of springs compress and extend due to the movement of the vehicle.

Car Frame

The car frame is the backbone of a vehicle’s suspension system. It provides a sturdy and durable platform for the suspension components. It includes the springs, shock absorbers, and other suspension parts.

The car frame is typically made of a strong and rigid material, such as steel or aluminum. It is designed to withstand the stresses and strains of driving. The frame plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the vehicle.

Steering Link

The steering link is an important component of a vehicle’s suspension system. It connects the steering gear to the wheels. It is responsible for transferring the driver’s input from the steering wheel to the front wheels.

It allows the vehicle to turn and change direction. The steering link is typically made of strong and durable material, such as steel or aluminum. It is designed to withstand the stresses and strains of driving.

Components of Steering Link

• Tie Rod
• Ball Joint
• Connecting Parts

The tie rods are the main link between the steering gear and the wheels. The ball joints are located at the ends of the tie rods and allow for smooth and precise movement of the wheels when turning.

A Video on Types of suspension systems

FAQ’s

Conclusion

Choosing the right suspension system is essential to ensure that your vehicle performs optimally. It gives assurance of providing a comfortable and secure ride. A suspension system that’s suitable for one vehicle may not be compatible with another. Therefore, it’s critical to factor in the type of vehicle, its intended use, cost, performance, durability, ease of maintenance, and personal preferences when selecting a suspension system.